Impartiality Commitment Integrity In Civil Service

Impartiality In Civil Service

The civil servants should be impartial in carry out their day-to-day duties and works. The Civil Service required commitment of equality, not to act favours to anyone or discriminates against particular individuals or interests. But in reality civil servants can not be totally impartial, when they are serving to the Government day to day works. The Civil Servants should maintain political impartiality, no matter what are their own political beliefs. act in a way to retains the confidence of Ministers, and able to maintain the same relationship with those, who will come in future Government.

Commitment In Civil Service 

In India April  21 every year celebrated as ‘Civil Services day’. on this occasion the civil servants commit commitments to public service and excellence in their work. the first Home Minister of Independent India, Sardar  Vallabhbhai Patel referred to civil servants of India as the ‘steel frame of India’. the civil servants should always be remain firmly committed to their words, deeds and promises. commitment is the most important ingredient of the civil servant's character. the civil servant in their personal life can break commitment, and rebuild  relationships again in personal life. But in official life, breaking a commitment or promise can not be undone or taken back, because the civil service work affects public at large.

Integrity In Civil Service

Integrity is the quality of any person to being honest with strong moral principles. Integrity in ethics is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness accuracy actions. the integrity is the main characteristics of the civil servants. integrity strengthens the sense of mission in a civil servant for the welfare of society. the civil servants should have set a highest standards of integrity and morality. so that he or she will be able to uphold high personal and professional standards in all circumstances. integrity requires truthfulness, freedom from deception and fraud, fair straight forward conduct, and sympathy in a civil servant to well beings of others.

Government Sanctions As A Shield For Dishonest Officials

Government Sanctions As A Shield For Corrupt Off

In India All people are equal in front of the Constitution of India, but in the case of prosecution sanctions by Indian government would suggest that some people  who are in any government related services organization or political parties have more right than others. in the constitution of India under the Section 19 the Prevention of Corruption Act, in this section courts can not take cognizance of offences allegedly committed under the Prevention of Corruption Act, by a public servant without prior sanction of the government. And in the Section of 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure laws in the constitution down the general requirement of prior sanction while prosecuting public servants. this provisions were protect to ensure that public servants are not harassed and their work not stymied by vexatious and frivolous complaints. so in practice this laws make public servants careless and dishonest, because of these protective measures increase dishonest careless work among the government servants, they know very well that Section 19 functioned as a shield against prosecution, so this encouraging dishonest bureaucrats and ministers to flout the law with impunity. Discuss the pros and cons of it. Suggest what needs to be done, quote the law with impunity. Discuss the pros and cons of the Section 19 the Prevention of Corruption Act, we should give some suggestions, what needs to be done to stop dishonest official, quote the Supreme Court’s observations upon it so new action taken on the Section 19 the Prevention of Corruption Act, so a fear should be created in the dishonest official. this shows in the conclusion that the idea of the Section 19 the Prevention of Corruption Act law must differ. this law for public servants and private citizens is an anachronism, one that has no basis in principle and has no defence in practice.

Indian Vs Developed Countries Food Processing Industry

Indian Food Processing Industry 

The Indian food processing industry has a immense potential for value addition, particularly in the food processing industry. The government's Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) is making all efforts to encourage investments in the food processing business, by approved proposals for joint ventures (JV), foreign collaborations, industrial licenses, and 100% export oriented units. The Indian food and grocery market is the sixth largest market in the world. The Indian food processing industry is 32 per cent of the country’s total food market. The online food ordering business in India is building scale through partnerships. According to the Department of Industrial Policies and Promotion (DIPP), during the period of April 2000 to March 2017, the food processing sector in India has received around US$ 7.54 billion Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Indian Government Initiatives to improve the food processing industry in India, leveraging 100 per cent Foreign direct investment (FDI) in marketing of food products and various incentives, strong focus on supply chain infrastructure, Creation of infrastructure facilities for degree/diploma courses in food processing sector, Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP), Food Processing Training Centres (FPTC), and Going forward to the adoption of food safety and quality assurance mechanisms such as Total Quality Management (TQM) including ISO 9000, ISO 22000, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) stringent quality and hygiene norms to face global competition, enhance Indian food processing products acceptance by overseas buyers and keep the Indian food processing industry technologically abreast of international best practices.

Why Indian Food Processing Industry Lagging

The performance of the Indian food processing industry is lagging behind compared to other developed nations. there are some barriers at different stages in the Indian food processing industry. Delphi analysis find out the following barriers through expert opinion and extensive literature review spanning across the supply chain, farm level, distribution level, and the consumer level. The top growth barriers in Indian food processing industry are, the lack of quality standards in the processed food, rain-dependent farming in India, high cost of cold chain facilities. practitioners and researchers don't have high quality technology. lack of attention of food processing policymakers in India.

Inter State Councils Cooperative Federalism

Inter State Councils

India is a democratic, federal system of government. in which two-tier government ensure unity in diversity and acquire common national goals between the Central Government, and the State governments. to maintain harmonious relation between the Centre and the states, The Parliament of India has inter-state councils under Article 263.

Cooperative Federalism

Federal term is not mention anywhere in the Constitution of India. it is used for the structure of governance. in federal nature of  governments both the Union and the States governments have separate legislative, executive and judicial wings of governance. Secondly, the jurisdictions, powers and functions of the Union and the State Governments clearly demarcated by the Constitution of India.

Indian federation system of governance at the national, state and local levels enables that the country mobilizes all its resources to maintain its harmony, integrity and progress of the country.

it is seen in India that when the central and states governments were the same political party, the cooperative framework worked very well between center and States governments, on the other hand when different political parties are in power in the centre and the states, there are signs of stresses and tensions in intergovernmental relations. the Article 263 of the Constitution provide set up of an Inter-State Council for investigation, discussion and recommendation for better coordination between the centre and the states governments. under the State Reorganization Act 1956 there is a provision of set up the Zonal Councils, which provide another institutional mechanism to resolve the differences and strengthen the framework of cooperation between centre, state and inter-state cooperation. The National Development Council, the National Integration Council have been set up by various ministries to strengthen cooperation, between the Centre and the States, to share mutual concerns on various issues.major challenges for the Indian federation is, how best these mechanisms of cooperative federalism can be strengthened between the Centre and the States.

Uttar Pradesh Physical Region Bhabar And Terai

Uttar Pradesh Physical Region

Physically Uttar Pradesh can be divided into three separate regions. first, the Himalayan foothills in the North, second Gangetic Plains in the central region and last the Vindhya Hills and the plateau in the South. the Himalayan foothills is called the Shivalik foothills. The Gangetic Plain comprises a flat topography, lakes, rivers, and ponds because of the presence of two mighty rivers Ganga and Yamuna. the soil in the Gangetic Plain is highly fertile alluvial soil. The Vindhya region is formed of hard rock Hills. which also have varying topography of plains, hills and valleys. in the Vindhya region  there is an area of plentiful water resources. 

Geographical Features of Bhabar and Terai

The Bhabar

Bhabar is a narrow, porous, northern part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. It is around 8-16 km wide running in east-west direction along the Shiwaliks foothills. the Rivers flowing in the Bhabar region, which are descending from the Himalayas region deposit their load along the foothills in the form of alluvial fans. when alluvial fans merged together they form the bhabar belt. porosity is the unique feature of the bhabar because of deposition of huge number of pebbles and rock debris across the alluvial fans. The Rivers streams disappear in the bhabar region because of porosity, so it is known as dry river area except in the rainy season. The Bhabar region is not suitable for agriculture and only big trees with large roots thrive in the bhabar region.

The Terai

The Terai is about15-30 km wide ill-drained, and thickly forested narrow region to the south of Bhabar, which is running parallel to it. dry rivers underground streams of the Bhabar belt re-emerge in the Terai belt. in the Terai region there is a lots of thickly forested which provides shelter to the wild life. Most of the Terai region receive high rainfall. Terai region is agricultural land which gives good crops of sugarcane, rice and wheat.

NITI Aayog Objectives & Three Years Plan

NITI Aayog Objectives

NITI Aayog objectives is to the  development of nation and States with the overall development of the society, NITI Aayog priorities sectors and strategies to foster cooperative federalism mechanisms with the States to make the plans for the village level development, national security, and economic strategy and policy to take economic progress benefit for our society and country. NITI Aayog design long term strategic policy and programme frameworks. NITI Aayog learn lessons by monitoring and feedback and make innovative improvements, necessary corrections to encourage stakeholders and national interest. NITI Aayog take help from international like-minded think tanks, educational policy research institutions to create innovation entrepreneurial support system for the national and international practitioners and other partners. NITI Aayog maintain state-of-the-art resource centre for the good governance practices and sustainable development to stake-holders. NITI Aayog monitor and evaluate the implementation of programmes and initiatives, by upgrading technology  implementation to the execution of the national development agenda in the following sectors,

Agriculture Allied Sectors

Aspirational Districts Programme

Communication and Social Media

Data Management and Analysis Technologies

Economics and Finance

Education and Governance Research

Governing Council Secretariat Coordination

Industry and Infrastructure-Connectivity

Natural Environment Resources Development

Project Management Appraisal  Division

Public Private Partnership

Rural Development

Science and Technology Innovation

Social Justice Empowerment

Skill Development, Labour Employment and Urban Development

Women and Child Health Nutrition Development

State Finances Coordination

Sustainable Development Goals

Water and Land irrigation Resources

NITI Aayog's Three Year Action Plan 

NITI Aayog's three-year action Plan (2017-2020), prepared by NITI Aayog think-tank, has replaced the five-year plans of the erstwhile Planning Commission. it will also include a fifteen year vision document and a seven year strategy document. Under the NITI Aayog's three-year action Plan the share of non-developmental revenue expenditure imply substantial expansion by 2019-20 on education, health, agriculture, rural development, defence, railways, roads and other categories of development.

Right to Information Act Transparency In Governance

Right to Information Act

Right to Information Act 2005 is the a tool to get the timely bound government information by the request of Indian citizens. It is an initiative taken by Department of Personnel and Training, under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions to provide a Right to Information Portal Gateway for the citizens of India to get timely bound information from first Appellate Authorities,PIOs. the Right to Information Act provide transparency and accountability in the working of the Government, stop corruption, and make the real sense democracy. the RTI indicates promotion of human-rights and dignity. September 28 is celebrated as the International Day for Universal Access to Information by the United Nations General Assembly. Benjamin Franklin said that every citizen has the right to questioned the authority. RTI promote transparency and reduce corruption. The RTI provides right to any citizen to get any information regarding government work, irrespective of age-group, caste, colour, creed, gender or religion. the information can be in the form of oral, written, electronically in English, Hindi or other regional language. the following public authority, any institution, body of government established or constituted under the Constitution, bodies controlled or substantially financed by the Government, such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The RTI time-frame is thirty days to provide information, but if it is a concerns of life or liberty of a person then it provides information within forty-eight hours. to provide the information RTI has a provision of nominal fee.the RTI setup a digital portal for the details of Public Information Officers (PIOs) and Appellate Authorities. Public Interest vs. Protected Interest. the RTI act maintains a perfect balance between public and private interest. If the information is asked regarding an individual such as Annual Confidential Report, Income-tax Return, Bank Account, Property statement, Medical bill etc. then it cannot be provided or disclosed in normal course. the information which affect the security and sovereignty of India can not be disclosed. RTI act provide participation of people in the governance, by asking the information of government business, Transparency and accountability. RTI has strengthened the faith of the people in the Constitution and creation of a welfare state.

Family, Society, Educational Institutions Values

Role of Family in Inculcating Values 

Values are regarded enviable, imperative apprehended high esteem of a individual. Values give strength to character of any individual by reflect one’s personal attitude, judgments, decisions, choices, behaviour, relationships, and vision. These values are the guiding principles of life that bring joy, satisfaction and peace. Role of Family in inculcating the value is the backbone of the society. The family is the only unit in society to pass values on to the children, about culture, eternal values of Truth, Right Conduct, Peace, Love and Non-Violence. these values are passed first in the family by mothers. Mother is foundational life-shaper of the children.

Role of Society, Educational Institutions in inculcating values

Values may vary from time to time from one society to another. But, every society has certain moral values, which are accepted by all the societies as global values. these are morality, honesty, duty, truth, friendship, and brotherhood. The educational institutions plays important role in the development of society and individual values. The teachers play a pivotal role in the promotion of values. Educational Institutions should focus on socio­economic, socio-political and socio-cultural values. Society can overcome most of the problems, by giving life skills education values by the educational institutions. Teachers play a very important role in molding the future of a country. An educational institute focus should not only on teaching and learning but it should be considered as the seeds of discipline, devotion and commitment in the students. They should also teach about the direction of life to bring joy, satisfaction and peace in the life. But there is great degradation and devaluation in various spheres of life such as political, social, philosophical, economic, educational, cultural, religious, administrative. the Educational Institutions play a very important role in the overall development of society, by inculcating values such as moral, spiritual, religious, social, economic and cultural values among the students and promote human values in the society. as we know that education without vision is considered as waste, education without value is considered as crime, and education without mission is considered as life burden. so educational institutions should build strong people with strong character with value based education.

Leave No One Behind Sustainable Development Goals

Leave No One Behind UN Sustainable Development

The 2030's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) central, transformative Agenda is Leave no one behind (LNOB). for Sustainable Development It is the unequivocal commitment for all UN Member countries to eradicate poverty, end discrimination, and reduce the inequalities and vulnerabilities in their countries. so that no one leave be, and all the people of all members states undermine the potential of individuals and whole humanity. Leave no one behind (LNOB) is not only entails reaching the poorest of the poor, but Leave no one behind (LNOB) is also combating to discrimination inequalities within all members countries, a find out their root causes. we have found the major cause of people being left behind is the continuous long time forms of discrimination, such as discrimination on the basis of gender. the result of which in the form of individuals, families and whole communities remaining marginalized, and excluded since long time. It is considered in the United Nations (UN’s) normative standards that it is the foundational principles of the Charter of the United Nations, which includes international human rights law and national legal systems across the world. Leave no one behind (LNOB) main focus is to eradicate discrimination and inequalities among the multiple and intersecting undermine agency and people which have no equal rights. the barriers for the people to accessing services, resources and equal opportunities are not due to lack of availability of resources, but there is many others reasons behind it such as discriminatory laws, policies and social practices. which lead to particular groups of people further and further behind. The UN approach to Leave no one behind (LNOB)  is designed in the shared framework so that no one could Leave Behind, Equality and Non-Discrimination is the Heart of Sustainable Development Goals, the UN Systems combating from inequalities and discrimination at the forefront in the whole world. the UN also supporting in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Leave no one behind (LNOB). the commitment to Leave no one behind (LNOB) at the country level requires a series of steps to identifying who is being left behind and why; find out the effective reasons to address that people; monitoring and measuring progress; and accountability for Leave no one behind (LNOB). Ensuring meaningful participation of all stakeholders, policy makers, planning and programming for Leave no one behind (LNOB). 

Impacts of Judicial Activism On Executive and Judiciary

Judicial Activism

A judiciary is an independent, unprejudiced and unbiased body in India. It function according to the framework of the constitution of India. Judicial Activism is a legal term, which meaning is the rulings of the court, based on the political, personal factors of the Judges, rather than current or existing legislation. judicial activism is a judicial decision-making by judges on the public policy, by considering their personal views and other factors, to guide their decisions.

Impacts of Judicial Activism On Executive and Judiciary in India 

The judicial activism was evolved through the process of judicial review in Britain. in Britain 1610, The Chief Justice of Britain Coke stated first time that, if a law made by Parliament or executive breached the principles of fundamental law; and ‘reason, then it could be reviewed and adjudicated as void by the judiciary.the main authority of Judicial activism in India is the  Supreme Court and the high courts, but the subordinate courts don't have this power, to declare law and regulations unconstitutional and void made by executive, if they breach or incompatible according to the constitutional clauses. initially The Supreme Court of India was the technocratic court but now more active through constitutional interpretation. through the involvement of supreme court in interpretation of law and statutes of Judicial Review. After the independence, the executive and legislative bodies dominated and intervened in the working of the judiciary. in 70s the Apex court started the judicial structural review of the constitution.

In the landmark case of Keshwananda Bharti the apex court of India declared that the executive had no right to intercede and tamper the basic structure of the constitution, the concept of judicial activism started gaining more power from there. in the case Golaknath vs State Of Punjab the Supreme Court declared that, Fundamental Rights are immune and cannot be amended by the legislative assembly.

Population Increase Poverty Or Poverty Increase Population

Population Increase Poverty

Population increase trends and dynamics can increase poverty in any developing country. when population increase then less resources available to people due to which poverty increase. Poverty is influenced by population growth, age structure, and rural-urban distribution. these parameters have critical impact on a country’s development and raising living standards for the poor. Investments in reproductive health can improve a country’s productivity and development prospects. Access to reproductive health for poor people, like family planning, can affect population dynamics as well as reductions in infant and maternal mortality. which can break out of intergenerational cycles of poverty. The increase population major reasons are increase in birth rates decrease in death rates due to better medical facilities in the field of medicine. Immigration to better developed countries for better job opportunities, safeguarding from war, and natural calamities like hurricanes, earthquakes. India is a developing country, which have several economic and political challenges for population explosion, like poverty, better medical facilities, and immigration from the neighboring countries. increase population at an alarming rate are increasing poverty, unemployment, air and water pollution, shortage of food, health facilities and educational resources.

Poverty Increase Population

India faces cycle of population explosion due to poverty. the main reasons for population explosion in India is poverty. about more than 300 million people in India earn less than $1 everyday in which 130 million people are jobless. The people of India, who have to struggle earn money think that, more children mean more earning hands. so they give more children birth, due to poverty, such families are higher due to the lack of education. they produce more children because they think that not all of them would be able to survive, because they don't have better medical facilities. this is the main reason to increase population size of India. the cycle continues to increasing population that we see today. considering the above factors, in India the success of family planning programs are not much effective. we should give educating to women about the basics of family planning.

Women Organizations In Contemporary India

Women Organizations In Contributions India

There are many factors, which are affecting women’s work participation in the country. there are lack of governments policy for women’s empower through education training and no easy resources such as land, credit and technology for women's organizations. in our country there is patriarchy due to which male is the main source of the family earn. This fact adversely affects women’s education & training. the employers also consider women workers as supplementary workers and give the low wage for women. new technology changes in the economy decline traditional rural industries. there is no assets such as land, house in women own name due to which access to credit for self employment opportunities is very hard for women. there are various home tasks for women, like child caring and cooking etc. due to which no additional time for women. Division of work based on the gender between men and women against women because of technological advancements. so women are the last to be hired and first to be fired. so there is need of women organizations in the whole country. Government programs to increase employment focused for women are seen as beneficiaries rather than active participants. many steps were taken by the government for women’s movement like Equal Remuneration Act, Minimum Wage Act, Maternity Benefit Act etc. to ensure equal opportunity for women in the society and at work. illiteracy is the major problem in women workforce, due to which 87% of women are employed in unorganized sector, where fear of losing jobs and lack of laws awareness to protect them. there are few women organizations are working to raise the voice of the women workers for improvement in their work place and working conditions which are,

Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) 

SEWA is a trade union organization. who is working for poor, self-employed women workers in the unorganized sector. most of them are illiterate don't know the labour laws. SEWA help them to obtain benefits like the workers of organized sector in the country. SEWA’s main goals are to organize women workers for full employment. 

Working Women’s Forum (WWF) 

This women organization forum is working for reduction poverty among the poor women. and also working for strengthening of economic, social and cultural status of poor working women, by providing micro-credit training, social mobilization and other interventions for poor women. 

Annapurna Mahila Mandal (AMM)

Annapurna Mahila Mandal women organization is working for the welfare of women and the girl child. It organizes various activities for women education, women's health, nutrition, mother and childcare, family planning, literacy on environmental sanitation. It works for the empowerment of women and make them able to take their own decisions and fight for security and their rights. This women organization also promotes individual and group leadership among the women.

India Composite Culture

India's Composite Culture Society

India is the country of high diverse rich cultural heritage, natural beauty, higher spiritual values of life, and it is known in the whole world for peace and values of life. The composite culture of India has various religions and cults, which are flourishing in the every part of country side by side. the composite culture is the soul of India.

Advantage of Composite Culture

From the early Vedic Age, we have got the social, religious and spiritual values, which have great influence on our social life. The age of Lord Rama and Lord Krishna thought us the doctrines of Karma and Truthfulness, which left deep influence on our culture beliefs. the Buddha's life teachings peace and ahimsa imparted new refinement to our glorious composite culture. the Great Nanak brought succor to the suffering of humanity. The Islamic Moghul emperors Akbar, introduced a new religion called Din-i-Ilahi, based on the principle of oneness of God. After Moghuls, the era of british rule in India was the dark period of Indian history. But during this period, We learnt the power of unity, patriotism and merits of a democratic polity. Indian culture is a composite culture, because here every one has freedom to profess, practise and propagate their religion. India has many races, castes, sub-castes, nationalities and communities, and one hundred and fifty dialects, and eighteen recognised regional languages,  but the heart of India is one. From Kashmir to Kanya Kumari and from Maharashtra to Nagaland, Hindi is recognised as the National Language of India. India has a rich cultural heritage in the fields of music, fine arts, dance, drama, theater and sculpture, beside that we have a bond of unity and brotherhood between people of difference faiths and creeds. the south temples and the caves of Khajuraho, Ajanta and Ellora are the examples of India’s proficiency in sculpture and architecture. Indian classical music and dances have worldwide popularity. We should feel proud to be a part of such rich composite cultural heritage. we should remain to ready accept and adopt anything good coming from any direction.

Mussolini Foreign Policy

Mussolini Foreign Policy In Italy

In the Italy Fascism leader Mussolini want to show the world, how powerful Italy was under his leadership. Mussolini foreign policy had to be robust to re-establish the greatness of the Roman Empire. Mussolini believed that accoured and conquered foreign territory was the sign of a great powerful nation. Mussolini aimed was to capture territory in Africa and in the Mediterranean, for which he says term mare nostrum (“our sea”). firstly in 1923, Mussolini invaded the Greek island of Corfu to reaveng the murder of four Italian international boundary delegation. personal. in 1924 he did an agreement with Yugoslavia that gave Fiume to Italy. For expansion in Africa he strengthen the Italian armed forces hold on Libya, particularly to attack on Ethiopia.  finally In October 1935 Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, his first conquests was Adwa, and in May 1936 he conquered Ethiopia and proclaimed the Italian king, Victor Emmanuel III, emperor of Ethiopia. in April 1939 Italy further invaded to Albania. When Albania’s King Zog refused to accept a trade agreement, then Victor Emmanuel was made king of Albania and King Zog escaped to Greece. The Italy and Ethiopian War antagonized the British and French governments, so they sanctions and isolated Italy diplomatically. Then Mussolini asked help from Hitler, hoping that German backing British and French will further concessions to Italy. However, Mussolini policy failed to bring further territorial gains in Africa, and Italy became the junior partner in the Rome Berlin Axis.

 

Italy Military Disaster

When in June 1940, France was about to fall and World War II seemed virtually over, then Italy join the war on Germany’s side. Mussolini's foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano bitterly opposed this decision and huge crowds across Italy on June 10 against this. The real war started for Italy, when Mussolini attacked Greece from Albania in 1941. In October 1942 the decisive second battle of El-Alamein destroyed the Italian position, surrender all of Italy’s North African forces in May 1943. and lost Italy extensive empire in eastern Africa, including Ethiopia. the Italian forces were fighting far from home, In short of tanks, antitank guns, clothing, food, vehicles, and less fuel. the military supplies for Italy forces could not safely be transported to North Africa or Russia. due to the shortage of steel, coal, or oil the Italian factories could not produce weapons. Heavy attacks by U.S. forces in July 1943, destroyed the iron ore production capacities in Elba, Tuscan coast, and damaged several industrial zones such as Genoa, La Spezia, Turin, and Milan. Naples and other southern cities were also attack, which killed more than 3,000 people.

Gandhi Views On Varna System

Gandhi's Views On Hindu Varna System

Gandhi ji was belief in the varna system, according to him Varna system should have internal flexibility and mutually tradable in the Hindu society. according to Gandhi's Varna system, a shudra must do his hereditary duty, and if he has the potential of performing priestly duties he must perform priestly duties, without sacrificing or rejecting his ancestral duties. Gandhi's Varna system had flexibility for all the varnas in the Varnashrama system. according to Gandhi's Varna system brahmin have the right to pick up arms and learn the techniques of warfare or perform the duties of a shudra. Gandhi's varna system was not hierarchical. All the four varnas were equal in status and functional to the society. all the four varnas were free to horizontally and mutually replaceable. However, in the practical way varna system is hierarchical and religious and social disabilities imposed on all the four varnas. the starting of Varnashrama system came into existence in the early Vedic age 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE. in the first 25 years of life every one have Brahmacharya Ashram to be celibate and acquire skills and education to be employable. next 25 years in Grihastahram to acquires a house, gets married and begets children. after completion of 50th years of life, enter to the Vanaprasthahram for living in the forests for the next 25 years to meditate and acquire knowledge and wisdom. the Sanyasahram begin in the last 25 years of life in which person has renounced everything and lives the life of a mendicant to deliver acquired life knowledge and wisdom  to the people. In the original form of the varna system there was both vertical and horizontal mobility in the Indian version of division of labor and duties. during the later Vedic age 1500 BCE to 500 ACE, when Manusmiriti or Manavadharmashastra was written the varna system change into closed and rigid Caste system. Gandhi ji never practiced Varna system and his ashrams were free from Varna system and the rigid caste based system. the  concept of swaraj by gandhi was also free from religion and caste system. However, Gandhi ji believe was to defended the Varnashrama system with non-hierarchical based principle. Gandhi ji believe that birth alone cannot determine the Varna of a person.

Harappan Culture Civilization Town Planning

Harappan Civilization Town Planning:

The town planning of Harappan civilization is one of the most impressive handiwork of the arrangement of a city. in the town planning of Harappan, each town was divided into two parts, one on higher ground which was for the fort, ruling class and the priestly class houses. lower part was the human settlements of other classes. many communities people lived there in the town with encircled high wall made of burnt bricks. The town planning of Mohenjodaro and Kalibangan was the same as per this pattern.

Houses:

The Harappan people houses were built by burnt bricks. The size of the bricks was in the proportion of 4:2:1. the towns of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Rupar and Mehergarh also built by the burnt bricks. bricks dried in the sun were used in building of Kalibangan houses. each house had a drawing room, bed-room, kitchen, spacious verandah, bath room and a well nearby. The waste-water of the house was drained out into the main drain of the town. which shows their sense of health and hygiene. some houses were made double-storied buildings with stair­cases made of burnt bricks. Each house had a high compound walls to protect from wild animals.

Roads:

In Harappan town planning roads were very wide, crisscrossing the town from east to west and north to south. Each crossing was vertical and light-post on the crossing. The houses were built on the side of the roads. E.J.H. Mackay Commented on the Harappan roads, that the straight wide roads with vertical crossings acted as ventilators for the town, and kept the town pollution free.

The Great Bath:

The main attraction of the Harappan culture town planning was the Great Bath, which was situated in the Fort-area. The Great Bath was 12 metres in length, 7 metres in breadth and 3 meters deep, which was situated in a 55 metres long and 33 metres wide hall. The sides and floor were rock- hard with a stairway led to the great bath. the supply of water to the bath-pool was from a adjacent room with a big well. Separate sets of drains were connected to the great bath for in-let and out-let of water. A ring of rooms and a corridors were around the great bath. historians thinks that the Great Bath was for the exclusive use of the ruling and priestly classes for extraordinary occasions like coronation and different rituals.

Great Granary and Hearth:

The Harappan buildings was the large granary. Many stone floors formed with 16 metres long and 6 metres wide. these granary was immensely useful in times of flood, storms and droughts. many hearths at Kalibangan was discovered. in which Seven ovens were in a row on a brick-laden floor. May be, these were used for general auspicious occasions for the community-kitchen.