Ocean Resources Exploitation Ecological Problems

Ocean Resources Exploitation

Ocean is the important source of food, travel from one country to other countries, and help in explore trade and acquire wealth. The oceans maintain ecosystem balance on the land. ocean is the largest absorber of Carbon dioxide,and ocean winds regulate and maintain cool climate. The ocean currents maintain marine ecosystem and provide nutrients to growth of ocean vegetation, planktons, fish species, and millions of other species beneath the ocean. Over the years people have more exploited ocean's resources like gem, minerals, Rutile, Zircon, Monazite, Manganese, Phosphates, crude oil and gas for commercial use. The oceans ecological systems are continue changing, due to climate change and man made exploitation. There is a common need of globally to protect the ocean, for this The United Nations Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) come in front and provides a basic framework for ocean governance and resource exploitation.

Ocean Ecological Problems

Due to pollution, climate change, man made industrial development and associated activities, are harming the coastal and marine ecological systems. Marine life is disturbing and threatening by noise pollution, mainly come from shipping, seismic air guns used in oil and gas, and naval sonar. We are polluting the oceans by Oil spills, dumping of toxic wastes, and plastics into the ocean. Human commercial activities like fisheries, shipping, extraction of minerals, exploration the natural gas and oil and climate change effects are very much harmful for the ocean ecological systems. a large number of people in the world are dependent on the ocean coastal and marine ecosystems resources. In spite of ocean's ecological and economic importance, the major drivers of ocean ecological degradation are anthropogenic habitat conversion of land use, by overexploitation of resources, destructive harvesting practices, pollution from domestic, agricultural and industrial effluents added into the ocean. To reduce the adverse impacts on coastal ecological and marine biodiversity across the world, IUCN created a sustainable development goals framework to manage and protect marine ecological and coastal ecosystems from land-based pollution. and enhancing the sustainable use of ocean-based resources through international law.

Volcanic Eruption Causes And Lava Deposition Landforms

Volcanic Eruption Causes

Earth is very much hot inside, so that some rocks slowly melt and convert into a thick flowing substance, which is called magma. Magma is lighter than the solid rock, magma rises and some of the magma erupted through vents and fissures to the Earth's surface. Which is called volcanic eruption and erupted magma is called lava. there are several factors for triggering a volcanic eruption some of these are, the pressure from the dissolved gases in the magma, the injection of a new batch of magma into an already filled magma chamber and the tectonic plates are pushed down another tectonic plate.

Formation Of Lava Deposition Landforms

Volcanic landforms Formation are the geological processes, which is depends on the eruptive behavior of the volcano. After eruption of the volcano, the volcanic Lava cold down and formed the original landform. volcanic landforms modified according to lava materials. There are many different types of volcanic landforms like,

Shield Volcanic Landform

Shield volcanoes are formed by the lava flows over a central vent. shields contain low viscosity basaltic magma. Due to low viscosity of the magma, lava travel down in a gentle slope. shield volcanoes is in a roughly circular or oval shape. Hawaiian volcanoes, Kilauea and Mauna Loa are the example of Shield Volcanoes.

Strato Volcanic Landform

Strato Volcano Landform is in higher steeper slopes than shield volcanoes, with 6 to 10 degree slopes on the flanks and 30 degree near the top. 50% Pyroclastic material is in Strato Volcano Landform.

Cinder Cones Or Tephra Cones Volcanic Landform

Cinder cones are in small volume. They are from by strombolian eruptions and consist basaltic to andesitic material. Cinder Cones Slopes are between about 25 and 35 degree. Cinder cones occur in a groups of tens to hundreds of cones in one area. Paricutin Volcano in Mexico is the example of cinder cone.

Volcanic Domes Or Lava Domes Landform

Volcanic Domes occur due to the extrusion of highly viscous gas with poor andesitic and rhyolitic lava. Due to the high viscosity the lava does not flow away from the vent, and piles up near the vent. Volcanic Domes contain more gas rich magma, they can be extremely dangerous after eruption.

Craters and Calderas Volcanic Landform

Craters are circular depressions, due to volcanic explosions, within the range of 1 km in diameter. Calderas are circular to elliptical larger depressions in the diameters of 1 km to 50 km.  Calderas form due to collapsing a volcanic structure. Calderas collect rain water and snow melt, and form lakes. 8 km diameter Crater Lake Caldera in southern Oregon is a example of Calderas. million years ago Larger calderas have formed in the western United States, including Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming, in eastern California Long Valley Caldera, and Valles Caldera in New Mexico. 

Plateau Or Flood Basalts Landform

Plateau or Flood basalts are made up of low viscosity basaltic magma from fissure vents, in extremely large volume and spread in huge areas with low slope and build Plateau Or Flood Basalts Landform. in Iceland the Laki basalt is the example of Plateau Or Flood Basalts.

Irrigation Sources Changes Happening In Uttar Pradesh

Irrigation Sources In Uttar Pradesh

The primary occupation in India is the Agriculture, which is completely depends on irrigation. in the state of Uttar Pradesh the facilities of Irrigation for the farmers are not even everywhere, Somewhere it is plenty of irrigation sources, and many parts are facing scarcity of water for irrigation. In Uttar Pradesh hathras has the highest irrigation facilities and sonbhadra has the lowest irrigation facilities. In Uttar Pradesh canals are the major source of iirrigation, which are originating from himalayas ranges rivers. the major canals in Uttar Pradesh are Upper Ganga Canal, Lower Ganga Canal, Sharda Canal, Eastern Yamuna Canal, Agra Canal, and Betwa Canal. The net irrigated area in Uttar Pradesh increased 77.81% during the period of 2001 to 2005, which was 77.19% during 1996 to 2000. 

New Irrigation Sources Projects

 

Other than canal and tubewell irrigation, there are others sources of irrigation in Uttar Pradesh. Water is very important for successful agriculture farming. The most of the irrigation Water for the agriculture crops come from rainfall, which is supply to fields through canals, well, tube-wells, tanks, ponds or tapping water. We should adopted rain water harvesting for the ground water recharge, and try dry farming techniques in low water areas. In Uttar Pradesh mega irrigation projects are going on, by these projects about 4 million farmers of Uttar Pradesh will be benefited. The Uttar Pradesh government are working for small and marginal farmers, to irrigate 16.49 lakh hectares of additional land from these new irrigation projects. new irrigation projects of Uttar Pradesh Government will supply water to those areas, where lack of water for agriculture. these irrigation projects will take water from Saryu Canal, Umraha, Ratauli, Lakheri, Bhavani, Masgaon, and Barwar Lake. By these irrigation projects the farmers of Purvanchal, Western Uttar Pradesh and Bundelkhand will be benefited, among them the farmers of Bundelkhand will get the maximum benefit of new irrigation projects, because Bundelkhand is often hit by drought due to lack of rainfall. the uttar pradesh government completed the Rasin Dam Project in Chitrakoot and Bandai Dam Project in Lalitpur. New Solar power electricity plant of 2.50 MW capacity is building at the top of Jakhlaun Pump Canal in Lalitpur. In the coming days, these irrigation projects will become a model for the Uttar Pradesh state.

What Is Liberalisation And Impacts Of Liberalisation

What Is Liberalisation ?

liberalization is the process in which government provide loose controls and relaxation in laws, relating to economic and social matters. Liberalisation provide reductions in restrictions on international trade, capital and the removal of government restrictions on business to freeing of markets from state intervention. In the second half of the 20th century significant liberalisation trade progressed by the signing of free trade agreements, for example the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, and in Europe the Single European Act lmpose in 1986 , and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1992. During the 1970s free trade promoted to most Organisation in Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, and many developing countries. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) figureout between 1991 and 1996, that 95 percent of the national foreign direct investment (FDI) regulations in the world are in the direction of further liberalisation. Liberalisation was begun to eliminate government limitations on multiple areas of the economy. 

Impact of Liberalisation

Liberalization played a major role in stimulating rise in FDI and international trade at the rate of 6 percent per annum between 1948 and 1997. Liberalisation have contributed to the globalization of the world economy. Liberalisation in India begun  in 1991, by the adoption of New Economic Strategy in the field of investment and trade sectors. Which drastically changed in the Indian economy. private sector organisations also benefited to conduct business transactions with fewer government's restrictions due to liberalisation. Liberalisation has opened economic borders to foreign companies and investments by encounter difficulties to enter countries with many barriers. Impact of Liberalisation on Free flow of capital for the businesses to reach the capital from investors. In India economic reform policies launched in 1991, in the field of export-import policy, technology up-gradation, fiscal policy, and foreign investment, industrial licensing, and more general areas. Negative Impact of Liberalisation by restoration of the political power and economic power will lead to weakening the entire Indian economy Technological development destroyed many small scale industries and other businesses in India. Mergers and acquisitions of Small businesses or companies by the big companies.

Concept Of Nation Citizenship In Context Of Communalism

Concept Of Nation Citizenship And Communalism

 

Nation

Nation is taken from the Latin word nasci, which meaning is to be free. Nation is defined as a combination of cultural and political factors, by which group of people bound together with a common language, religion, history and traditional values. These classically statehood factors gave the birth of nationalism concept.

Citizenship

Citizenship is related to the concept of nation, in which the members of a nation or state take a membership relation between the individual and the nation or state, in which the members and the nation are bound together by a reciprocal rights and responsibilities. According to the T. H. Marshall citizenship is a full and equal membership in a political community. citizenship has been evolving and changing according to the invented nature of nation.

Communalism

In a broad sense communalism meaning is a strong attachment to their own community. Particularly in India, communalism meaning is to suppresses distinctions within the community and emphasizes the essential unity of the community against other communities. this practice of communalism increase the belief of orthodox tenets, intolerance and hatred of other religions. Which divides the society. We should approach a positive aspect of communalism for the affinity of an individual social and economic upliftment. In India communalism has its roots in the religious and cultural diversity of India. communalism has been used by political parties as a tool to create divide, differences and tensions between the communities on the basis of religious and ethnic identity. Which led to result in communal hatred and violence. In ancient India different society and different faith people remain coexisted peacefully. In India Buddha was the first prophet who gave the concept of secularism. Another example is Ashoka, who followed a policy of peace and religious tolerance. In Medieval India arrival of Islam marked occasional communalism violence by Mahmud Ghazni and Mahmud Ghor to attack on Hindus, Jains and Buddhists temples. While Rulers Akbar and Sher Shah Suri followed the toleration religious policy towards different cultures and tradition across the country.

Who Was Jacobins And Jacobins Role In French Revolution

Who Was The Jacobins

The Jacobins were the immense powerful influencial political French group. the Jacobins used their political power to take down their enemies during the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. The French Revolution was one of the crazy events in history, that was not so tragic and horrific. The Jacobins were the members of Jacobin Club,which was a french republican organization. Jacobins were in the favour of republican form of government, and against the monarchy. The Jacobins were the part of left-wing revolutionaries, who want to end the reign of King Louis XVI, and want to bring French republic political authority from the people. The Jacobins were the most powerful and radical political group in the French Revolution. The Jacobins group's name came from the location the Rue Saint-Jacques or Jacob in Paris, from where Jacobins start their journey by the first broke out deputies meeting at this site in order to plot a revolution. The Jacobins emerged as the most radical political factions in France. Who supported the beheading of King Louis XVI. While the King Louis XVI supporter groups was in favored of exiling or imprisoning the Jacobins.

Role Of Jacobins In The French Revolution

The French Revolution started between 1789 and 1799. During this time France was in deeply debt. For refilling its treasury, heavy taxes were levied upon the lower classes of french people. To find out the solution of heavy burdened taxes, An assembly of local officials was called, which splintered into a revolutionary body called the National Assembly, or the Jacobins. The National Assembly planned consolidated their power to dethroned King Louis XVI, and bring republic in France. the Jacobins were a guiding political force by the local officials, they catch the King Louis XVI and his young wife Marie Antoinette and beheaded in 1793.

British Rule Expansion Under Lord Wellesley Governorship

British Rule Expansion Policy Of Wellesley Governorship

When Lord Wellesley came to India in 1798, the British rule expansion happened at large scale in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Wellesley, during the British France life-and- death struggle all over the world. Lord Wellesley want to bringing as many Indian states as possible under British control. Due to the Mysore and the Marathas, power conflict Political conditions in India were propitious for British rule expansion policy of Lord Wellesley. He started three methods, the system of Subsidiary Alliances, outright war, and the assumption of the territories of previously subordinated rulers. Under the Subsidiary Alliance system, the ruler of the allying Indian state was compelled to pay subsidy for maintenance of the British force within his territory. The East India Company, was in support with such policy. the British in India don't want the French influence across the country and, for this British curtail and crush any Indian state that try to do business with France. In 1798, Lord Wellesley first Subsidiary Treaty was with Nizam of Hyderabad. Nizam dismissed his French-trained troops and maintain British subsidiary force of six battalions. the British promised to protect Nizam state from Maratha invasion. In 1801, Subsidiary Treaty was compelled to sign with the Nawab of Avadh by forced to surrender, nearly half of his kingdom included Rohilkhand and the land between the Ganga and Jamuna to the British in exchange with a larger subsidiary force, after that the Nawab has no independent in his state's internal administration, he must only accept the British authorities advice, and Nizam's police force was under the control and supervision of British officers. Nizam own army was destroyed, and after that British were free to station troops in any part of the country. Mysore, Carnatic, Tanjore, and Surat were also taken by Wellesley’s Subsidiary Treaty. Lord Wellesley army attacked and defeated Tipu sultan, Before reaching French assistance to Tipu, who was heel and preventing by the French. The East India Company's dominion in India was threatened by the invasion of Kabul ruler Zaman Shah, who had been invited by Tipu to drive out the British from India. Wellesley’s expansionist policy had been checked by the East India Company.

Impacts Of West In The Field Of Indian Education

Impacts Of West On Indian Education

Pre-colonial Indian Education System 

In the pre-colonial India the education system was monopolised. In the Hindu religion, the higher religious and philosophical knowledge only provided to the Brahmins, and they occupied primarily positions like priests and teachers in the society. Sanskrit was the medium of religious and philosophical education in pre-colonial India, because Sanskrit was considered as the sacred language. Technical knowledge like architecture, metallurgy, etc. was hereditarily. the women, lower castes and underprivileged people was barred from accessing the education.

Impacts Of  West In Indian Education

The Macaulay introduced new modern education system in India. In 1835 the English Education Act was passed by the Council of India, for a different reason to educating and empowering the Indians. So that they administer a large British colony in India, because It was impossible for the British to import the large numbers of educated people from Britain. in 1835. T.B. Macaulay drafted new Indian education system and started schools, colleges and universities in India. in 1857 Bombay, Madras and Calcutta Universities were established for imparting English and modern education for Indians, to be loyal to the British and act as the pillars of the British Empire.

Role of Educated Middle Class Indians

The economic and administrative educated on the one side and the growth of Western education study of European history, political thought and revolutionary ideas, gave the birth of new modern Indian intelligentsia social class. Initially the neo-social class created by the British Raj, in which trading and business communities, landlords, money lenders, English-educated Indians employed in imperial subordinate services, lawyers and doctors, initially it was in the favour of colonial administration. But, soon the intelligentsia social class realised that their interests would be better served only in independent India. So they started promoting patriotism amongst the people. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghose, Gopala Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroz Shah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjea and others started the social, religious and political movements in India. Educated Indians ideas of nationalism, democracy, socialism, right of a free press, the right of free speech and the right of association came into existence, due to the rapid expansion of Rail transport network, postal, telegraph and wireless services all over India.

Difference Between Boundary And Frontier

Difference Between Boundary And Frontier Line

Boundary :-

Boundary is clearly defined international line between two areas or sovereign states. boundary is generally agreed by both the nations, created by international treaties or after a war, Boundaries are political or social agreements imposed by third parties, or international conferences between two different countries.

Frontier :- 

Unlike a boundary which is a clear cut line between two sovereign states, but frontier is not clearly defined, it is fuzzy and diffuse narrower or wider zone between two nations, where one state ends and another begins,frontier never exactly fixed. international frontiers are always remain in conflict or compromise.

Comparison Between Boundary And Frontier

A boundary clearly defined by a line, whereas the frontier has more region or zone having width as well as length in the land areas of two nations, and the region length, width, are not fix and the exact line limit, where one country ends and another start. On the other hand, the frontier is always remain vague and indefinite term, until the boundary set-up between the two countries, or the frontier between neighbouring States. In frontier no limit is set to, until an actual line or boundary is defined by treaty or war, the frontier is generally remain open to dispute until the actual boundary is demarcated between the disputed neighboring countries. In the context of India, the boundary between the India and Bhutan border has no disputes because it is clearly defined international boundary and It is well demarcated boundary by international treaties rules. On the other hand the example of a frontier, which is the North Western Frontier Province, which is always remain in conflict between the India and pakistan. which is used by the British colonial as a barrier to limit the influence of Afghans on British Empire in India. At last to stop the dispute The Durand Line was commissioned by the British between India and Afghanistan.

Bundelkhand Tourist Circuit Major Places

Bundelkhand Tourist Circuit

Bundelkhand Circuit for tourist is fine tuned by the Uttar Pradesh Government Tourism Department, to promote bundelkhand major legendary cities as magnificent majestic touristic destination. Bundelkhand is a place, where you will find yourself in the depth of culture and history. Bundelkhand some part situated in Uttar Pradesh and some in Madhya Pradesh. The rugged palaces and forts of bundelkhand make magical experience, the major tourist places of bundelkhand tourist circuit are Bithoor, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Kalinjar, and Mahoba.

Bithoor 

Bithoor is the very beautiful best place for its small temple outside the Kanpur, on the bank of the holy river Ganga. In Bithoor Valmiki Ashram, Brahmavart Ghat, Dhruv Teela and Nana Saheb’s palace are the main attraction for the tourist. The grand view of sunrise and sunset on the holy river Ganga is the main attraction of the Bithoor.

Chitrakoot

Chitrakoot is the very important place in Hindu mythology. Lord Ram and Sita, when they are on their exile, they spent many years in Chitrakoot. Chitrakoot is situated near Mandakini r, which is spread between Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. On arriving at Chitrakoot tourist feel the tranquility and peace of mind. Hanuman Dhara, Kamad Giri, and Ram Ghat are some of the main tourist attractions in the Chitrakoot.

Jhansi

Jhansi is the legendary place of Bundelkhand tourist circuit region. Jhansi is known for valour and courage. Rani Laxmibai who fought against the British Empire is linked with Jhansi. The main tourist attractions in Jhansi ar several temples, lakes and Jhansi Fort.

Kalinjar

Kalinjar is situated around 280 km from Jhansi, near to Banda, the main tourist attractions of Kalinjar is medieval times ancient Fort of Kalinjar. The Kalinjar Fort is situated at a average height of 700 ft, on Vindhya ranges. The legend Neelkanth Temple of Lord Shiva, who consume poison emerged after the churning of ocean, is the main attraction of Kalinjar.

Mahoba

Mahoba is known for its myriad lakes and temples. Mahoba is situated on hills and valleys. In Mahoba Chandela kings built the hilltop fort and the man made lakes. The Alha and Udal, are the very known personality of Mahoba. Who are the two legendary warrior of Mahoba. Who sacrifice their lives for the honour of their land. The 9th century Sun Temple at Rahila made with granite structure, similar to temples found in Khajuraho is the main tourist attraction in Mahoba.