causes and consequences of internal human migration in India

Migration, the movement of people from one place to another, is a significant phenomenon in India. It occurs both within and across states and can be driven by a variety of factors. Understanding the causes and consequences of migration helps in addressing the challenges and harnessing the benefits associated with it.

What is Migration?

The International Organization for Migration defines migration as the movement of individuals across international borders or within a state away from their habitual place of residence. Migration can be voluntary, where people choose to move for better opportunities, or forced, where they are compelled to move due to adverse conditions.

Factors Determining Migration

Several factors influence migration

Push Factors 

These are conditions that drive people away from their current location. Examples include economic hardships, social instability, lack of development, and natural disasters. For instance, people might leave areas affected by droughts or floods.

Pull Factors 

These are conditions that attract people to new locations. They include better job opportunities, improved living standards, and access to better facilities. Cities with growing industries and better infrastructure often attract migrants from less developed areas.

Statistics on Migration

India has a high rate of internal migration. According to the 2011 Census, there were 45.36 crore internal migrants in India, accounting for 37% of the population. This migration includes both movement between states and within states. less developed states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have high net out-migration. Conversely, more developed states such as Delhi, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu attract a significant number of migrants.

Recent data from the Migration in India Report 2020-21 shows that about 28.9% of India's population migrated during the period from July 2020 to June 2021. This includes temporary visitors due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with notable differences in migration rates between rural (26.5%) and urban areas (34.9%).

Significance of Migration

Migration plays a crucial role in the economy and society

Labour Demand and Supply 

Migration helps in balancing labor supply with demand. It ensures that areas with labor shortages, such as industrial hubs, can meet their workforce needs.

Skill Development 

Migrants often gain new skills and knowledge by working in different environments, enhancing their capabilities and contributing to their personal growth.

Quality of Life 

By moving to areas with better job prospects and living conditions, migrants can improve their quality of life and economic status.

Economic and Social Remittances 

Migrants send money back to their families, which supports their home communities economically. Socially, migrants often introduce new cultural practices and ideas to their new locations.

Challenges Related to Migration

Despite its benefits, migration presents several challenges

Issues Faced by Marginalized Sections 

Poor and marginalized migrants may face difficulties integrating into new communities due to economic and social barriers.

Social and Psychological Aspects 

Migrants can experience social exclusion and psychological stress. They may struggle with cultural differences, language barriers, and feelings of loneliness.

Exclusion from Political Rights and Social Benefits 

Migrant workers often face challenges in accessing political rights and social benefits. The need for proof of residence can hinder their ability to vote or access welfare programs.

Government Initiatives

The Indian government has recognized the need to address the issues faced by migrants. In 2021, NITI Aayog developed a draft National Migrant Labour Policy. Other initiatives include

One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) 

This scheme allows migrants to access subsidized food grains across the country, ensuring food security regardless of their location.

Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHC) 

This initiative aims to provide affordable housing to migrant workers and low-income groups.

PM Garib Kalyan 
Yojna Scheme 

This program provides financial support to migrants during emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

e-Shram Portal 

This platform registers unorganized sector workers, including migrants, to help them access social security benefits.

Internal migration in India is driven by a range of economic, social, and environmental factors. While it offers significant opportunities for economic growth and personal development, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed through effective policies and initiatives. By understanding and addressing these issues, India can better manage migration and ensure that its benefits are maximized while mitigating the challenges faced by migrants.